Extreme and chronic heat place direct stress on the brain by disrupting temperature regulation, sleep, and cardiovascular function. High temperatures are linked to increased risks of headaches, cognitive impairment, stroke, worsening of neurological conditions, and mental health crises. Heat can also affect brain signaling and the blood–brain barrier, reducing the brain’s ability to protect itself from harmful substances. Over time, repeated heat exposure may accelerate cognitive decline and increase vulnerability to dementia.

Air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅), can enter the bloodstream and reach the brain, triggering inflammation and oxidative stress. Long-term exposure is associated with higher risks of stroke, dementia, depression, anxiety, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Emerging evidence shows that air pollution can damage brain structure and interfere with cognitive function across the lifespan. Importantly, there is no known safe level of air pollution for brain health.

Beyond heat and air pollution, climate change affects brain health through extreme weather events, wildfires, food and water insecurity, toxic exposures, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. These stressors can increase trauma, anxiety, depression, and long-term neurological risk. Climate-related disruptions also affect social stability, education, and healthcare access, which are critical determinants of brain health. Together, these pathways create cumulative and unequal brain health burdens worldwide.

Children, older adults, pregnant individuals, people with neurological or mental health conditions, outdoor workers, and marginalized communities face the greatest risks. Brains are especially vulnerable during early development and aging, making climate exposures more harmful at these life stages. Communities already facing poverty, pollution, or limited healthcare are often exposed to higher climate risks with fewer resources to adapt. Climate change is therefore both a brain health issue and an equity issue.

Individuals can reduce risk by minimizing exposure to heat and air pollution, prioritizing hydration, sleep, and cardiovascular health, and staying informed about local climate and air quality alerts. Using cooling strategies, air filtration, and protective behaviors during extreme events can make a meaningful difference. Supporting brain-healthy lifestyles, such as physical activity, social connection, and stress management, also builds resilience. Advocacy for cleaner air and climate action is another powerful form of brain protection.

Communities can invest in heat-resilient infrastructure, clean energy, green spaces, and air quality improvements. Strengthening public health systems, early warning systems, and mental health services is critical as climate risks grow. Community-based planning that centers vulnerable populations helps reduce inequities in exposure and impact. Brain-healthy communities are those that combine climate resilience with social connection and equity.

The International Neuro Climate Working Group is a global network of scientists, clinicians, public health experts, and policymakers working to advance research, policy, and action at the intersection of climate change and brain health. NCWG synthesizes scientific evidence, supports collaborative research, develops policy-relevant insights, and raises awareness worldwide. We host regular meetings, working groups, and public resources to connect knowledge with action. You can get involved by joining the network, participating in working groups, attending events, or collaborating on research, policy, or advocacy efforts.